5. Discourse of the Old Company, British State Papers, Vol. III:40. See Virginia Magazine of History, Vol. 1:159.
6. Laws and Orders of Assembly, Feb. 16, 1623. McDonald Papers, Vol. 1:97. Va. State Library.
7. Roger Beverly, writing a century later, describes the early grape-growing in Virginia as follows: "The Year before the Massacre, Anno 1622, which destroyed so many good projects for Virginia; some French vignerons were sent thither to make an experiment of their vines. These people were so in love with the country, that the character they then gave of it in their letters to the company in England, was very much to its advantage, namely: 4 That it far excelled their own country of Languedoc, The vines growing in great abundance and variety all over the land; that some of the grapes were of that unusual bigness, that they did not believe them to be grapes, until by opening them they had seen their kernels; that they had planted the cuttings of their vines at Michaelmas, and had grapes from those very cuttings, the spring following. Adding in the conclusion, that they had not heard of the like in any other country.' Neither was this out of the way, for I have made the same experiment, both of their natural vine, and of the plants sent thither from England." Beverly's Virginia, Second Edition: 107. 1722.
8. Fiske, John. Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Vol. 11:372, 385.9. American Farmer, Baltimore, 11:35. 1829-30. Ib., 12:396. 1830-31.
10 Dankers, Jasper, and Sluyter, Peter. Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80: 130.11. Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York, Holland Documents, 1603-1656. Vol. 1:277.
12. The grant of the bounty is recorded in Volume II, Deeds of New York, page 87, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at Albany. It runs as follows:―
"Whereas Paul Richards an inhabitant of this Citty of New York hath made knowne to mee his intent to plant
vines at a certaine Plantation that hee hath upon Long Island, called
the little ffiefe, which if it succeed, may redound very much to the
future benefitt and advantage of the inhabitants within this
Government; and in regard, it will require much labour and a
considerable charge to provide vines and to p'pare the ground
and make it fitt for production of wines; ffor an Encouragemt to the
said Paul Richards in his proceedings therein, I have thought fitt to
grant unto him these following privileges (viz.)
"That all wines of the growth of such vines as the said Paul Richards shall
plant, or cause to bee planted at the place aforesaid, shall be free
from any kind of impositions for ever if sold in grosse, and not by
retaile:
"That the said Paul Richards, his heirs,
executors, or assignes shall have the privilege to have such wines sold
by retaile in any one house in New York for the term of thirty years to
come, from the time of the first selling of his wines, free from all
imposts or excise:
"That every person who shall
hereafter for thirty years to come, plant vines within any place in
this Government, shall upon the first yeares improvement pay unto the
said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes, five shillings
for every acre so planted as an acknowledgement of his being the first
undertaker and planter of vines in these parts. For the confirmacon of
the privileges above specified, I have hereunto put my hand and seale.
"Given at ffort James in New York this 10th day of January, 1664. RIC. NICOLLS."
13 Bellomont's letter is as follows: "As to propagating vines in these plantations to supply all of the dominions of the Crown, I can easily make that appear. In the first place Nature has given us an index in these Plantations that points to us what may be done in that by the help of art. There grows wild grapes in all of the woods here in very great abundance; I have observed them in many places but especially above Albany on the side of the Hudson river where the vines all along twine around great trees and fait clusters of grapes appear sometimes above 30 foot from the ground. I have eaten of the wild grapes which I thought tastefull enough, only somewhat harsh as an effect of their wildness." Then follows an account of how the French had previously made wine in Canada but that the Court of France had forbade its being made fearing that it might be prejudicial to the wine trade of the French. Earl of Bellomont to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 28, 1700. Documents Relating to Colonial History of the State of New York, 4:787.
14 Francis Higginson wrote in 1630: "excellent Vines are here up and downe in the Woods. Our Governour hath already planted a Vineyard with great hope of encrease."
15 Bellomont records that a company of French immigrants had made good wine in Rhode Island toward the close of the 17th century but they were driven out of the Colony by the English and the industry ceased. N. Y. Col. Doc., 4:787.
16 American Farmer, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29.
17 American Farmer, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29. Ib., 11:172. 1829-30.
19 All that is known of the life of Edward Antill is found in Johnson's Rural Economy where he is spoken of as "Mr. Antill, late of Middlesex County, New-Jersey, a gentleman who cultivated the grape with sedulous attention." Johnson's Rural Economy: 164. 1806.
20 The True American, March 24, 1800.
21 Legaux's paper is found as a treatise on the cultivation of the vine in The True American of March 24, 1800. The article contains about 2000 words, the main part of it being "A Statement of the Expense and Income of a Vineyard, Made on Four Acres of Land, situated in Pennsylvania, in the 40th Degree of Latitude."
22 Johnson, S. W., Rural Economy: 156. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.
23. The History of Travaile into Virginia: 120. 1610, printed 1849.
24 Dufour, John James. Vine Dresser's Guide; 307. 1826.
25 U. S. Statutes at Large. 3:374.
26 American State Papers, Public Lands, 3 :$g6.
27 For fuller accounts of this dramatic episode in French and American history, and in American, agriculture, see: The Napoleonic Exiles in America, J. S. Reeves, Johns Hopkins University Studies, 23 Series, pp. 530-656; The Bonapartists in Alabama, A. B. Lyon, Gulf State Historical Magazine, March, 1903; The French Grant in Alabama, G. Whitfield Jr., Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV The Vine and Olive Colony, T. C. McCorvey, Alabama Historical Reports, April, 1885.
28 The last official account of this colony in the records of the United States Government is found, in American State Papers, Vol. III. "In a letter of Frederick Ravesies to the treasury department dated January 18, 1828, is the following: 'We have suffered severely from the unparalleled drought of the last summer; many of our largest and finest looking vines, which had just commenced bearing-luxuriantly, were totally killed by the dry hot weather. Yet, notwithstanding this misfortune, the grantees, with increased diligence, are using every exertion to procure others which are thought to be more congenial to the soil and climate, and are now generally engaged in replanting.'" Quoted from Studies in Southern and Alabama History, 1904:131.
29 Transactions New York State Agricultural Society, 6:689. 1846.
30 Fuller, Andrew S. Record of Horticulture: 21. 1866.
31 Winsor, Justin. Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. III:61.
33 Discourse of Thomas Hariot, Hakluyt's Voyages, 3:326.
34 Smith's History of Virginia, 1:122 (1629) Reprint 1819.
36 Bruce, Philip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. 1:219. 1896.
37 Report of Francis Maguel, Spanish Archives, Brown's Genesis of the United States: 395. 1610.
38. Anonymous. A Perfect Description of Virginia. 1649, Peter Force's Tracts, Vol. II, 1838.
39. New English Canaan, 1632. Reprinted in Force's Tracts, 1838.
40. Lawson, John. History of North Carolina: 169-171. 1714, Reprint 1860.
42. Transactions American Philosophical Society, 1:191-193. 1769-71.
43. The True American, Philadelphia, March 24, 1800.
44. The same year, 1804, Mease published Bartram's paper, with some omissions, in the Medical Repository (Second Hexade, 1:19) under the heading, "Account of the Species, Hybrids, and other Varieties of the Vine of North-America. By Mr. William Bartram, of Pennsylvania." The same paper was again published in 1830 in Prince's A Treatise on the Vine, pp. 216-220.
45. Johnson's Rural Economy: 155-197. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.
46. McMahon's Gardening: 226-241. Philadelphia, Pa., 1806.
47. American Farmer, 8:116. Baltimore, 1826.
48. Adlum, John. Cultivation of the Vine: 149. Second Edition, Washington, 1828.
49. Adlum, John. Cultivation of the Vine. Preface. 1823.
54. Horticulturist, 6:445. 1851.
55. Horticulturist, 6:444. 1851.
56. American Pomological Society Report for 1852:45.
57. Magazine of Horticulture, 11:134. 1845.
58. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Special Report, No. 36. 1880.
59. Champagne: Decrease in Imports and Increase in Domestic Production, April 25, 1907, p. 427.
60. Tarr, R. S., Cornell (N. Y.) Exp, Sta. Bul., 109. 1896.
61. Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1901.
62. The Grape Belt, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907.77. Traité gen. de vit., 6:278. 1903.
79. Horticulturist, 12:458. 1857.
83. Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:267. 1900.84. Munson regards them as identical.
85. Traité gen. de vit., 6:192. 1903.
86. On account of criticisms of the justice of the award, Grant returned the prize to be competed for a second time. At the second trial it went to Concord on vine characters.
88. Amer. Farmer, 11:237,412. 1829-30.