FRUIT.
   Fruit above medium to large.
Form usually roundish oblate varying to roundish, sometimes a little inclined to oblong, often somewhat broadly ribbed, pretty regular.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium, moderately stout.
Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, medium in width to wide, furrowed gently if at all, sometimes partly russeted.
Calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes small, short, obtuse.
Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, medium in width, abrupt, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin moderately thick, tough, clear, rather pale yellow usually washed with orange-red and narrowly streaked with bright carmine. Some fruits show little or no red but on highly colored specimens the prevailing color is red.
Dots not conspicuous, numerous, often submerged or whitish or occasionally with russet point.
Calyx tube elongated funnel-form.
Stamens median or below.
Core sessile, medium size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or closed; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish or approaching elliptical, but slightly emarginate if at all, smooth or slightly tufted.
Seeds moderately numerous, medium to rather large, somewhat narrow to rather wide, obtuse or approaching acute, moderately light reddish-brown.
Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasantly flavored, good.
Season October to December or later.

   Wagener, at its best, is an apple of superior excellence. The color is a beautiful bright red with some contrasting pale yellow; it has fine texture, high flavor and excellent quality. It is very desirable for culinary uses but is especially esteemed for dessert. It is in season about with Tompkins King or from October to February, yet often some portion of the fruit may be kept in ordinary storage till late spring. Its commercial limit is December, or, in cold storage, about February 1st. It does not stand heat well before going into storage and is quite apt to scald toward the close of the season, particularly if not well colored. After scalding it goes down quickly (29, 30). Often there is some loss from drops, especially if the crop is not picked as soon as it is well colored, and many times there is a rather high percentage of loss in fruit that is unmarketable because it is undersized or misshapen. In the nursery Wagener is a pretty good grower, upright and well- formed; in the orchard it is quite vigorous at first, but as it advances in maturity it usually becomes a rather weak grower, with branches full of fruit spurs. It comes into bearing at an early age and so long as it remains healthy it is a reliable cropper, yielding moderate to rather heavy crops biennially or nearly annually. In many cases it overbears so that the fruit does not all develop properly in size and color. Under such circumstances it is a great advantage to thin the fruit. To get best results the thinning should be done as early as June. Under favorable conditions the crop is pretty uniform in size, color and quality.
The tree is often short-lived, but some report that it is longer-lived when top-worked upon hardier and more vigorous stock such as Northern Spy, Baldwin and Tolman Sweet. On account of its dwarfish form and habit of coming into bearing at an early age it is recommended by some fruit growers as a filler to plant between the rows of longer-lived apple trees. Some fruit growers consider it a profitable variety, but many do not. Although it was introduced about a half century ago and it is now sufficiently well known so that it may perhaps be regarded as a standard market variety, yet it has not established itself to any considerable extent in the commercial orchards of this state and is not being extensively planted.

   Historical.  The first published reference to the Wagener which we find is that given in the Report of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society for 1847, in which it is stated that it was awarded second premium as a seedling of merit (1). In 1848 it was again presented for competition and was placed by the committee in the list of first-class apples, awarded an additional premium and also a diploma. An illustrated description of it was published in the report of this Society for that year with the remark “This very fine apple the committee consider a desirable addition to the list of first-rate fruits. Its appearance is prepossessing as is also its size and form” (2). An account of the history of Wagener was also given in which it was stated that in the spring of 1791 Mr. George Wheeler brought with him from Dover, Dutchess county, N. Y., to Penn Yan, Yates county, a quantity of apple seeds which he sowed that spring in the nursery upon his farm which he was then reclaiming from the wilderness. In 1796 Abraham Wagener, from whom the name of the apple is derived, bought this seedling nursery and planted trees from it upon his place in what is now the village of Penn Yan. In 1848 it was remarked that the old tree was producing an annual and abundant yield of beautiful and delicious fruit (2). It continued to bear full crops till about the year 1865 (15). After it was brought to the notice of the State Agricultural Society, the Wagener soon began to be propagated quite extensively and it has since become widely disseminated throughout the country. In 1892 Wagener was being offered quite generally by nurserymen throughout the country except in the North Mississippi valley, the Rocky Mountain region and the plains from Nebraska to Texas (22).  It is generally known throughout New York but is not planted extensively in any section of the state.

TREE.
Tree dwarfish to medium size, at first moderately vigorous but soon becoming a slow grower; branches short, stout and filled with spurs. Form roundish to spreading, open. Twigs short to medium, often somewhat curved, moderately stout, usually quite blunt; internodes medium to short. Bark clear dark reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent near tips. Lenticels scattering, medium or below, elongated or sometimes roundish, not raised. Buds medium to rather large, sometimes projecting, plump, acute, free, pubescent.
[Diseases:  "Fair" resistance (31).
Flowering:  Five days before 'Cox Orange' and with 'Irish Peach' and 'Merton Charm' (32).]

FRUIT.
Fruit medium to rather large. Form oblate to roundish oblate, broadly ribbed or irregularly elliptical; sides often unequal. Stem short to moderately long, moderately thick to rather slender. Cavity variable, acute, moderately deep to deep, broad or sometimes compressed and rather narrow, often angular or furrowed, sometimes thinly russeted. Calyx small to medium, closed or partly open; lobes small, usually short, acute to acuminate, connivent, reflexed. Basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, somewhat furrowed.
Skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, bright pinkish-red striped with bright carmine and mottled and streaked with thin whitish scarf-skin over a clear, pale yellow background. Dots numerous, whitish or russet, sometimes mingled with light russet flecks. Prevailing color bright light red.
Calyx tube long, rather narrow, funnel-form, often elongated and extending to the core. Stamens median to marginal.
Core below medium to moderately large, somewhat abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis, varying to nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed or open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish or approaching elliptical, but little emarginate if at all, smooth or nearly so, mucronate. Seeds moderately numerous, rather small to above medium, short to moderately long, moderately wide, obtuse, rather light brown; often some are abortive.
Flesh whitish slightly tinged with yellow, moderately firm, rather fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy to very juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly, very good to best.  [Also useful for apple butter, pies, applesauce and cider (31).]
Season October or November, to February or later.  [Ripens in the fall in Virginia and is a good keeper, storing without shriveling (31).]

SYNONYMS.  Edgar County Red Streak (7, 8). EDGAR REDSTREAK (2, 11). Edgar Redstreak (9, 17, 21, 22). EDGAR RED STREAK (4). Edgar Red Streak (16). Kentucky Red Streak (7). Walbridge (4). WALLBRIDGE (13, 20).

   The accompanying colored plate shows the whole fruit of Walbridge. The section is shown on the same plate as that which shows the whole fruit of Rambo.
Fruit red-striped, rather attractive when well colored, good for culinary purposes, but not equal to standard varieties of its season for dessert use. Season, November to February or March. Commercial limit, in ordinary storage, February; in cold storage, April or May (23, 24). The fruit hangs well to the tree so that there is little loss from drops, but often a comparatively large amount of it is undersized, misshapen or otherwise unmarketable. This variety has been planted to a considerable extent in Wisconsin, Iowa and adjacent portions of the Mississippi valley and has been grown quite successfully in many localities in that region. It appears to be less well adapted to New York conditions and is of comparatively little value for planting in this state. The tree makes a good growth in the nursery. In the orchard it is moderately vigorous, comes into bearing rather young and yields full crops biennially.
   Historical.  The first description of this variety which we have been able to find is a very good one which appeared in the Rural New Yorker for 1870 under the name Walbridge (1). It was disseminated from Wisconsin under the name Walbridge and has Jong been in cultivation under this name (4, 6). The American Pomological Society listed it as Walbridge in 1873 (2), but at the following meeting of the Society in Chicago, in 1875, it was decided that it was identical with Edgar Red Streak which originated with Joseph Curtis, Paris, Edgar county, Ill., in 1818 (3), and accordingly it was entered on the Society's Catalogue as Edgar Red Streak with Walbridge as a synonym.  It continued to be thus listed until 1897 when the popular name Walbridge was finally accepted by the Society (16).

TREE.
Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous. Form upright becoming roundish or spreading, open. Twigs medium to long, usually curved, moderately stout, with large terminal buds; internodes short to medium. Bark moderately dark reddish-brown, mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; heavily pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small to medium, round to oblong, not raised. Buds prominent, medium to rather large, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, pubescent.

FRUIT.
Fruit sometimes nearly large but usually medium or below. Form roundish conic, flattened at the base, varying to roundish or to oblate conic, often one-sided. Stem short to medium.
Cavity medium, acute to acuminate, deep to moderately deep, rather narrow to broad, symmetrical, furrowed gently if at all, sometimes partly covered with fine russet. Calyx small, usually closed, pubescent. Basin small, characteristically shallow or scarcely at all depressed, often oblique, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin moderately thin, tough, smooth, green becoming clear pale yellow or whitish, washed with red, conspicuously mottled and striped with bright carmine and overspread with thin bloom. Dots numerous, often submerged, sometimes whitish and rather conspicuous; a few are russet. Prevailing effect in well-colored specimens, striped red.
Calyx tube long, narrow, cone-shape to truncate funnel-form with fleshy pistil point projecting into base. Stamens median to marginal.
Core small to medium, abaxile with a wide, hollow cylinder in the axis, or sometimes axile; cells symmetrical, closed or sometimes partly open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder. Carpels broadly roundish, emarginate, mucronate. Seeds few, dark, below medium to rather large, moderately wide, obtuse to somewhat acute.
Flesh whitish a little tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine to a little coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, sprightly, rather mild subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good in flavor and quality.

TREE.
   Tree medium to large, vigorous to moderately vigorous.  [Bultitude describes it as "weak", but says it "produces spurs very freely" (18).
Form rather flat, spreading, open.
Twigs below medium to short, straight or nearly so, rather slender to stout with large terminal buds; internodes medium or below.
Bark clear brownish-red or with more or less olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, small to medium, round or somewhat elongated, slightly raised.
Buds medium to large, broad, plump, obtuse, free or nearly so, pubescent.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major diseases (Burford).
Flowering:  Four days before 'Cox Orange', with 'Idared' and 'Merton Charm' (18).]

FRUIT.
   Fruit medium to large or very large.  [7.7 cm (3 in.) in diameter x 7.7 cm (3 in.) high (18).
Form globular, usually inclined to conic, base rounding or sometimes flattened, nearly regular; sides often a little unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) short and rather thick or sometimes long.
Cavity below medium to medium, acute to somewhat acuminate, rather shallow to deep, narrow to moderately broad, occasionally lipped, often somewhat furrowed, usually thinly russeted.
Calyx below medium to rather large, usually somewhat open; lobes a little separated and broad at the base, narrow above, long, acute to acuminate.
Basin small to medium, narrow to moderately wide, medium in depth, abrupt, somewhat furrowed, wrinkled.
Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, somewhat waxy, greenish or yellow, washed and mottled with red, conspicuously splashed and striped with bright carmine and overspread with thin bloom.
Dots numerous, russet or whitish and rather conspicuous, often submerged.
Prevailing effect striped red.
Calyx tube rather large, wide, cone-shape with core lines meting, sometimes becoming funnel-form with clasping core lines.
Stamens basal or nearly so.
Core below medium to above, axile or sometimes abaxile; cells not uniformly developed, usually symmetrical and more or less open, sometimes closed; core lines meeting if the calyx tube is cone-shape, clasping if it is funnel-form.
Carpels variable, ovate to broadly obcordate, sometimes a little emarginate, often tufted.
Seeds dark, medium in size, rather long, somewhat acute; often many are abortive.
Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, rather fine to a little coarse, crisp, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid, sprightly, good to very good.  [Bultitude says it is, "Rather soft, rather loose, coarse-textured, juicy and a little sweet, but lacking in flavour (18)."]
Season September or October into early winter.  [A good keeper for a fall-ripening cultivar (Burford).]

TREE.
   Tree moderately vigorous with short, slender, curved branches.
Form erect or roundish, rather dense.
Twigs long, curved, moderately stout; internodes short.
Bark dark brown, heavily coated with gray scarf-skin; pubescent near tips.
Lenticels scattering, small, round, not raised.
Buds rather prominent, medium to large, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.

FRUIT.
   Fruit medium size.
Form broadly ovate to roundish conic varying to oblong conic with flattened ends, nearly regular.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium, slender.
Cavity acuminate, rather narrow to moderately broad, moderately shallow to deep, often compressed, sometimes thinly russeted, the russet not extending beyond the cavity.
Calyx small, to medium, closed or open; lobes long, narrow, acute to acuminate.
Basin varying from shallow rather deep and abrupt, narrow to medium in width, furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin pale yellow or greenish with very attractive, lively pinkish-red blush, in well colored specimens deepening to dark or purplish-red, not striped, overspread with thin bloom.
Dots numerous, medium to small, grayish or whitish, often submerged.
Calyx tube short, wide, broadly conical.
Stamens basal to median.
Core rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells closed or slightly open; core lines slightly clasping.
Carpels small, slightly obovate to obcordate, emarginate.
Seeds medium in size, few, dark brown, varying from blunt and flat to acute and rather narrow.
Flesh nearly white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, good.
Season October to December or later.

Synonyms.  Connecticut Seeknofurther (5). Connecticut Seek-No-Further (9). Marietta Seek-No-Further (3, 4). New-England Seeknofurther (38).  Red Winter Pearmain, of some (9). Russet Seek-No-Further (4). SEEK-NO-FURTHER (17). Seeknofurther (23). Seek-No-Further (4, 19, 20, 21, of Connecticut 1 and 2). WESTFIELD (16, 20, 21, 23). WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FARTHER (7). WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19). Westfield Seek-No-Further (5, 8).  [Connecticut (26).  Seek (26).]

   Among fruit growers and fruit dealers this variety is commonly called Seek or Seek-No-Further and doubtless will continue to be so called as long as it remains in cultivation. Pomologists recognize Westfield Seek-No-Further as the correct name, thus distinguishing this from certain other varieties which have been cultivated under the name Seek-No-Further. In 1845 Downing observed, “The Seek-no-further of New-Jersey and Pennsylvania is the Rambo, that of some parts of New-York is the (American) Domine. The Seek-no-further of Coxe is a large, roundish fruit, narrower at the eye.  Skin smooth, pale yellowish-green, or nearly white. * * * Ripe in October, and will keep a couple of months.”
   Westfield Seek-No-Further is an old favorite dessert apple. It is but little valued for cooking. The fruit usually averages about medium size. It is not remarkably attractive in appearance, being creamy-yellow striped with dull red and sometimes partly russeted, but at its best it has a peculiarly pleasant, rich, mild subacid flavor which has made it popular. Its season in ordinary storage is late fall and early winter, but when properly handled it may be held in cold storage about as late as Baldwin, It stands handling and shipping well, but toward the close of the season it is apt to shrivel badly. Since it is not particularly attractive in color and is used only for dessert purposes it commonly finds but a limited demand in general market and often brings less than the average prices for the leading standard commercial varieties of its season. It has gained the reputation of being a very hardy variety, being superior to Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening in this respect, but its successful cultivation is more restricted to particular districts or regions than is the case with either of the other varieties named. It does not commonly develop as good color or quality on heavy, cold soils, particularly if they are not well drained, as it does on well-drained, fertile, gravelly or sandy loam. In 1854 Elliott observed that in Ohio and adjoining states the fruit of this variety differed remarkably when grown in different regions. He reported that as “grown in rich loamy alluvial soils of the South, it is much russeted, and about the stem the russet has appearance of rich bronze; progressing northward, it gradually loses its russet, until on light sandy soils in Michigan, it becomes a pale-yellow ground, with stripes and splashes of clear red and minute dots.”
   In many parts of New York it has not proved reliably productive, but in other regions, particularly in certain localities in the Lake Ontario apple belt, it has been a regular and abundant cropper, developing good color and fine flavor and is still regarded as a good commercial variety. Generally the tree is very hardy, remarkably healthy and long-lived. There is usually little loss from drops if the crop is picked at the proper season. The fruit is quite uniform in grade and the amount of culls is comparatively small.

   Historical.  This old variety found its way into this state from New England with the early settlers more than one hundred years ago. It was introduced into Ohio from Connecticut as early as 1796 (2). In 1846 the committee of the New York State Agricultural Society on the selection of the best varieties of apples for cultivation in New York reported concerning the Westfield Seek-No-Further:
   “This truly excellent apple originated in Westfield, or its neighborhood, a beautiful meadow town, about ten miles west of Springfield, in the Connecticut valley, in Massachusetts. For many miles up and down, and round about that river, it is the apple, par excellence, of that locality; as much so as is the Newtown Pippin on Long Island, or the Esopus Spitzenburg in Ulster. Whole orchards are planted of this fruit, and no where does it flourish in higher luxuriance and perfection. It loves a warm, free soil; is hardy, vigorous and prolific, "In flavor, it is excelled by few apples whatever for all household purposes. It flourishes well in this State, particularly in the western counties. Wherever it will grow, its cultivation is recommended, both for domestic and market purposes.”
   It is generally well known throughout the state but for the most part is found only in old orchards, and there are few, if any, localities where its cultivation is being extended.

TREE.
Tree medium to large, rather slender, moderately vigorous to vigorous.
Form spreading or roundish. Twigs above medium, sometimes long; internodes short, varying from rather slender to moderately stout. Bark dark brownish-red or brownish-green, mottled or blotched with gray scarf-skin, sparingly pubescent. Lenticels of a clear light color, rather conspicuous, irregular in size and shape. Buds medium, often projecting, obtuse or sometimes acute, often not pubescent, free from bark.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major diseases (25).]

FRUIT.
Fruit usually about medium size, sometimes below medium, sometimes rather large, uniform. form usually roundish conical varying occasionally to roundish ovate and less often to rather oblong conical, regular or obscurely ribbed, symmetrical or nearly so. Stem medium to long, rather slender.
Cavity medium in size, acuminate, deep, narrow to medium in width, usually symmetrical, russeted and with some outspreading green or yellow russet.
Calyx small to medium, usually partly open; lobes short, reflexed, obtuse or acute. Basin small, shallow, narrow to medium in width, obtuse or somewhat abrupt, sometimes decidedly furrowed.
Skin tough, smooth, rather deep yellow or greenish, shaded and splashed with rather dull red but in highly colored specimens largely overspread with bright pinkish-red, striped with deep carmine. It is overspread with a thin bloom which gives it a somewhat bluish cast but when polished it is bright and glossy. Dots characteristically large and conspicuous, pale yellow, grayish or russet, often areolar with russet center, smaller and more numerous toward the basin, larger and more scattering and more often areolar toward the cavity.
Calyx tube rather wide, cone-shape. Stamens basal.
Core medium, axile; cells usually symmetrical, open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels somewhat elliptical or varying to roundish and approaching truncate at the base and narrowing toward the apex, mucronate, but slightly emarginate if at all. Seeds numerous, rather small to medium, plump, acute to somewhat obtuse.
Flesh slightly tinged with pale yellow, firm, medium in grain or a little coarse, crisp, tender, breaking, juicy, mild subacid, rich, sometimes a little astringent, peculiarly aromatic, sprightly, very good to best.  [Also useful for baking, cider and particularly drying wherein the dried slices retain a pronounced apple flavor (25).
Season:  Ripens in the fall in Virginia and where it is only a fair keeper (25).]

FRUIT.
   Fruit very large.
Form roundish oblate or inclined to oblong, angular, uneven at the crown where it is nearly as broad as at the base (3,6,9).
Stem (Pedicel) short.
Cavity narrow, rather small, regular.
Calyx large, open.
Basin deep, broadly angular, irregular, oblique.
Skin smooth, waxy, yellowish-green, with orange tinge and brownish-red blush on the exposed cheek.
Calyx tube conical.
Stamens marginal.
Cells open, obovate.
Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, very good for either dessert or culinary purposes.
Season October to January or February.

   Willow is a southern or semi-southern variety. It has been cultivated chiefly in the central portion of the Mississippi valley. Like many other southern winter apples its quality is not the best, but it is a good, long keeper. The tree is a strong grower and a rather early and regular bearer. Willow is less attractive than Ben Davis, both in size and in color, but after coming into season it does not become mealy and deteriorate in quality as soon as Ben Davis does in the regions where it is most popular. Willow has proved to be quite hardy in the North, but it requires a rather long and favorable season for the proper development of its fruit. The fruit is not as attractive as that of the Baldwin, neither is it as good in quality, but it is valuable because it keeps late. When well grown it is, on the whole, rather attractive, being quite uniform in size and shape, large and nearly symmetrical. The prevailing color, though somewhat dull, is a pretty good red with contrasting green showing through the stripes. It is not recommended for general planting in New York state.
   Historical.  The origin of Willow is uncertain. The first that written pomology knows of this variety is that it was being grown in the state of Ohio about the middle of the last century. It was said to have been brought there from New Jersey (1, 4), but these statements are hardly convincing because they lack definiteness. Warder refers to it as a Virginia fruit but the authority for the statement is not given. Its cultivation gradually spread from Ohio throughout the Middle West. The fruit was found particularly desirable for shipping to New Orleans and other southern markets. Up to about twenty years ago, Willow was esteemed very highly as a commercial variety in the apple-growing portions of Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and Kansas, but during the last two decades it has fallen very much into disfavor on account of its susceptibility to scab, blight, and bitter rot and many cultivators have gone so far as to cut the trees out altogether on account of the menace from the spread of these diseases to other varieties. So far as we have learned it has been quite free from disease when grown in this state.  It has been cultivated in New York in a limited way only and the planting of it does not appear to be increasing very much.

TREE.
Tree makes a poor growth in the nursery but under favorable conditions it becomes large and vigorous in the orchard. Form upright spreading with terminals drooping on bearing trees. Twigs short to medium, very slender, straight, limber; internodes long. Bark clear yellowish-green or light reddish with no noticeable scarf-skin; quite pubescent. Lenticels scattering, small, generally elongated, raised. Buds small to medium, projecting a little, moderately obtuse, rather pubescent, adhering to the bark.
[Diseases:  Somewhat susceptible to the major diseases and dies with high frequency in the nursery, making propagation difficult (21).]

FRUIT.
Fruit large to medium. Form usually roundish inclined to conic, varying sometimes to roundish oblate, regular or faintly ribbed, symmetrical. Stem short.
Cavity acute, deep, wide, often irregular or compressed, sometimes lipped, usually smooth green or red with pale dots but sometimes thinly russeted.
Calyx small, closed. Basin medium size or above, moderately wide to wide, irregular or compressed, rather deep, often abrupt, sometimes ridged, wrinkled.
Skin smooth, pale yellowish-green or dull green mottled and blushed with red and irregularly striped and splashed with deeper red. Dots numerous, rather large, russet-gray or yellowish. Prevailing color fairly good red but usually rather dull.
Calyx tube rather long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens marginal to median.
Core medium or above, axile; cells not uniformly developed, symmetrical, closed or partly open; core lines clasping. Carpels thin, tender, rather flat, broadly roundish narrowing toward the base. Seeds medium to large, flat, wide, plump, rather blunt.
Flesh yellowish or greenish, very firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, sprightly, slightly aromatic, fair to good.  [Also useful for cider (21).]
Season January to May  [Excellent keeper (21).].

SYNONYMS.  Holland's Red Winter (20). Royal Red of Kentucky (20). Texan Red (20). Wine Sap (12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 27, 28, 31). Wine Sop (15, ?7).  Blacktwig (49).  Old Fashion Winesap (49).  Refugee (49).  Potpie (49).]

   Winesap is one of the oldest and most popular apples in America. It is known in all the apple-growing sections from Virginia westward to the Pacific Coast. An indication of its popularity may be gained from the fact that according to Bailey's Inventory (27) there were, in 1892, seventy-three nursery firms offering Winesap for sale as compared with sixty-four firms offering Baldwin, fifty-eight offering Northern Spy and forty-eight offering Rhode Island Greening. It should be borne in mind however that the number of firms selling a variety is not an altogether true criterion of the number of trees sold.
Like various other old varieties, Winesap has many seedlings which partake more or less of the characters of the parent. The best known of these are Arkansas, Arkansas Black, Paragon and Stayman Winesap.
The tree is a rather vigorous though not particularly rank grower, comes into bearing early and is a remarkably regular cropper. It does best on rather light, rich, deep soils and does not succeed on heavy clays or in low, damp locations. In unfavorable situations the trees are apt to be short-lived and in New York are less hardy than the leading commercial varieties of this region. Although Winesap is a well-known market apple, yet with the exception of the Piedmont region in Virginia and certain districts elsewhere it has not proved generally successful for the commercial orchard. In New York it seldom reaches good medium size. In more southern latitudes and under favorable conditions the fruit is well colored and of good quality, but excepting on young trees or on soils of more than average fertility it averages too small for a good market variety. When well grown it is of very good quality and attractive in appearance, being quite uniform in shape and size and of good dark red color. As grown at this Station it is in season from January to June with April as the ordinary commercial limit (47). When grown farther south its season extends to February in ordinary storage and to April in cold storage. It is a good shipper and stands heat well before going into storage, but late in the season it often scalds, particularly when not well colored.

   Historical.  Nothing definite is known of the origin of Winesap. Coxe speaks of it as being "the most favored cider fruit in West Jersey." From this fact many writers have referred to West Jersey as the region of its origin or probable origin but such statements seem hardly warranted by the evidence.

TREE.
Tree medium size, vigorous. Form roundish spreading, rather straggling and open. Twigs rather stout, rather short to above medium; internodes short. Bark very dark reddish-brown with thin gray scarf-skin, somewhat pubescent. Lenticels especially clustered just below the nodes, conspicuous, round or elongated, variable in size but usually above medium. Buds large to medium, broad, usually rather obtuse but sometimes acute, free or nearly so. Foliage thin; leaves usually not large, narrow.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major apple diseases (48).]

FRUIT.
Fruit as grown in New York averages even smaller than that which is grown farther south. It is pretty uniform in size and shape. Form usually conical, sometimes roundish, nearly truncate at base, nearly regular or obscurely ribbed, symmetrical. Stem medium to short, rather slender. Cavity medium to rather small, acute to acuminate, narrow to rather broad, deep, symmetrical or somewhat furrowed, often more or less lipped, often russeted or with out-spreading russet rays. Calyx medium to large, closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate. Basin rather small to medium, often oblique, shallow to rather deep and abrupt, narrow to moderately wide, distinctly furrowed, somewhat wrinkled.
Skin medium in thickness, tough, smooth, glossy, bright deep red indistinctly striped and blotched with very dark purplish-red over a distinctly yellow ground color or green if not fully mature, overspread with faint bloom. Dots rather small, scattering, whitish, sometimes in conspicuous contrast with the deep red skin especially toward the cavity. Prevailing effect bright deep red.
Calyx tube quite variable, conical or funnel-shape. Stamens marginal.
Core medium to small, abaxile with a hollow cylinder in the axis, narrowing toward the apex; cells pretty uniformly developed, symmetrical, open or nearly closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly roundish, much concave, but slightly emarginate if at all, mucronate. Seeds below medium to above, wide, plump, obtuse.
Flesh tinged with yellow, veins sometimes red, very firm, rather coarse, moderately crisp, very juicy, sprightly subacid, good to very good.  [Also useful for cider, apple butter and pies. The slices hold their shape when cooked (48).
Season:  Ripens in late winter in Virginia and is a very good keeper (48).]

   Fruit large, clear pale yellow with beautiful contrasting pinkish-red blush, attractive in appearance, characteristically aromatic, of good dessert quality, but too mild in flavor to excel for culinary uses. The tree is a pretty good grower, comes into bearing young, is almost an annual bearer and yields moderate to rather heavy crops. In ordinary storage the fruit is in season from mid-November to the first of April, but its safe commercial limit in this climate probably would not extend much beyond December. In cold storage it ranks as a keeper about with Rhode Island Greening, but is not equal to Baldwin. It could perhaps be used to advantage commercially to follow the Maiden Blush and extend the season for fruit having the general appearance of that variety. As compared with Maiden Blush this is larger, neither as uniform nor as symmetrical, better for dessert use but less desirable for culinary purposes. Its color is such that it shows bruises more readily than do red apples like Baldwin or Tompkins King. It is sufficiently promising to be worthy of further testing where an apple of this color is desired.
Another variety which has been disseminated under the name Banana is a sweet apple. It is described on page 60 under the name Banana Sweet.
   Historical.  Winter Banana originated on the farm of David Flory near Adamsboro, Cass county, Ind., about 1876. It was introduced by Greening Brothers, Monroe, Michigan, in 1890 (4, 5). It has as yet been but little planted in this state.

TREE.
Tree medium in size, vigorous. Form rather flat, spreading and somewhat inclined to droop, open. Twigs long, curved or nearly straight, moderately stout; internodes long. Bark reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, lightly and irregularly coated with scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels conspicuous, numerous, medium to large, round or slightly elongated, raised. Buds sunk in the bark, medium or above, plump, acute to obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.
[Flowering:  One day after Cox Orange and with 'George Carpenter' and 'Woolbrook Russet' (8).]

FRUIT.
Fruit nearly large to very large, not very uniform in size or shape.  [7.8 cm (3⅛ in.) in diamter x 7.1 cm (2¾ in.) high (8).  Form roundish conic to oblong conic, or sometimes oblate and noticeably flat at the base, often irregularly elliptical and somewhat ribbed; axis sometimes oblique; sides often unequal. Stem short to moderately long, medium in thickness to rather slender. Cavity usually rather large, acute to acuminate, moderately shallow to deep, broad, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped, smooth or sometimes partly russeted. Calyx small to medium, partly open or sometimes closed; lobes convergent or connivent, short to medium length, obtuse to acute. Basin small to medium, often decidedly oblique, rather shallow to moderately deep, usually rather narrow but sometimes moderately wide, obtuse to rather abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin smooth, moderately thick, tough, waxy, bright pale yellow, often with a blush which in well-colored specimens deepens to dark pinkish-red. Often a suture line extends from the basin nearly or quite to the cavity. Dots numerous, whitish and submerged or with fine russet point. Prevailing effect yellow with a pretty contrasting blush.
Calyx tube wide above, rather short, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens median to marginal.
Core rather small to above medium, abaxile; cells not uniformly developed, usually symmetrical and open, sometimes closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels elongated ovate, narrow, emarginate, tufted. Seeds often abortive; the plump ones vary from small to rather large and are more or less irregular, usually obtuse to acute, dull dark brown, sometimes tufted.
Flesh whitish tinged with pale yellow, moderately firm, a little coarse, somewhat crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, distinctly aromatic, good to very good.

   REFERENCES.  1. Forsyth, 1803:51. 2. Thacher, 1822:131. 3. Forsyth, 1824:118. 4. Ib. 1824:130. 5. Floy-Lindley, 1833:62. 6. Cultivator, 3:36. 1846. 7. Thomas, 1849:175. fig. 8. Gregg, 1857:60. 9. Mas, LeVerger, 4:19. 1865.  10. Warder, 1867:736. 11. Downing, 1869:413. 12. Fitz, 1872:167. 13. Leroy, 1873:541. fig. 14. Hogg, 1884:169. 15. Ib. 1884:246. 16. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:253.
   SYNONYMS.  Autumn Pearmain, erroneously (7). Ducks Bill (15). Germaine (13). Great Pearmain (11). Green Winter Pearmain (12). HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN (6). HertFordshire Pearmain (1). Hertfordshire Pearmain (4). Old English Pearmain (3). Old English Pearmain (14). Old Pearmain (5, 7, 11, 14, of Lindley 13). Parmain d'Angleterre of Knoop 1760 (13). Parmain d'Hiver (5, 11). Parmain-Pepping (13). PEARMAIN (2,14). Pearmain (11). Pearmain Herefordshire (12). PEARMAIN D'HIVER (13). Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre (5, 11). Pepin Parmain d'Hiver (11). Peremenes (11). Permaine (13). Permein (13). Platarchium (13). Sussex Scarlet Pearmain (15). Winter Pearmain (2, 6, of Ray 13).
   Several different varieties have been known under the name Winter Pearmain both in Europe and in this country. The references given above do not all refer to the same variety and in some cases it is impossible to determine which Winter Pearmain the writer has in mind.
   In 1822 Thacher (2) gave the following account of the Winter Pearmain of the old Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. “The winter pearmain is among the first cultivated apples by the fathers of the old Plymouth colony, and is, undoubtedly, of English descent. Many trees of this kind are now supposed to be more than one hundred years old, and grafted trees from them produce the genuine fruit in great perfection. The tree is tall and upright, forming a handsome regular top: it is hardy, and will flourish in a light soil.  It is not an early bearer, but when attained to about twelve years, from having been grafted, it produces more abundantly and uniformly than any other kind within our knowledge. The fruit is scarcely excelled as a table apple or for cookery; and the cider, made from it, is said to be inferior to none. The apple is of a moderate size; fair and smooth; of a reddish colour; interspersed with green and yellow; the flesh a rich yellow; the flavour slightly aromatick, and agreeable. There are two or three varieties of this apple, but rather of an inferiour quality.”
   The following is the description given by Floy-Lindley (5) of the Winter Pearmain mentioned by Ray in 1688: “fruit medium, regular, tapering to the crown, grass-green with a little red on the sunny side; in season from November to March.” Downing (11) remarks that the tree of this variety is a free and healthy grower and productive. This is the Pearmain d'Hiver of Leroy (13), the English Winter Pearmain of Mas (9), the Winter Pearmain or Old Pearmain of Downing (11) and the Pearmain or Old Pearmain of Hogg (14).  Hogg (14) states that this is the oldest English apple on record and that its cultivation in Norfolk can be traced back to the year 1200. He says that the Winter Pearmain of the London market is a different apple (15).
   An apple is grown in the Middle West under the name of Winter Pearmain which is of medium size, oblate inclined to conic, yellowish, shaded and striped with light and dark red, subacid, good; in season from November to February (11).
There is a Winter Pearmain of Pennsylvania which is below medium, oblate to roundish oblate, yellow splashed and shaded with brownish-red, mild subacid, good; in season from January to May (11).

REFERENCES. 1. Shepherd, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885:17. fig. 2. Ib., 1886-87:9, 99. 3. Can. Hort., 11:7, 145. 1888. col. pl. and fig. 4. Woolverton, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 1889:155. 5 Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 48:88. 1889. 6. Burnet, Can. Hort., 12:337. 1889. 7. Budd, Ib., 13:24. 1890. 8. Hoskins, Amer. Gard., 15:288. 1894. 9. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1896:135. figs. 10. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:32. 1897. 11. Can. Hort., 25:49. 1902. 12. Budd-Hansen, 1903:206.
SYNONYMS.  Mank's Codling (9). Rambour Barré (9).
The following account of Winter St. Lawrence is given by Macoun. “Imported in 1833 from Manchester, England, under the name of Mank's Codling [erroneously? -ASC], by the late Wm. Lunn, of Montreal. Named Winter St. Lawrence by the Montreal Horticultural Society about 1873. Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical; skin greenish yellow well covered with deep red through which are dark purple splashes and streaks; dots fairly numerous, pale, distinct; cavity rather deep and medium in width; stem short, slender; basin narrow, almost smooth, of medium depth; calyx partly open, sometimes closed. Flesh white, rather soft, melting, moderately juicy, subacid, good flavour; core small; quality good; season, early winter. Tree a moderately spreading, strong grower and apparently very hardy. A shy but annual bearer at Ottawa.”
This variety is but little known among New York fruit growers.